From Feral to Friendly, Meet the Mustang

Mustang horses are probably the most well known wild horse in the United States. The name "Mustang" is derived from the Spanish words "mesteño" or "monstenco" which is synonymous for "stray", "ownerless" or "wild." Mustangs come from domestic horses which reverted to a wild state after becoming separated from their human caretakers. They currently roam primarily on public land in the southwestern United States of Utah, Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, California, Arizona and New Mexico, but mostly in Nevada, where the majority of the country's remaining feral horse population resides. The Mustang is often called "The Symbol of the American West" and is known for their rugged endurance. Other names you may hear are: American feral horse, Range horse Indian Pony, Cayuse Pony, American Mustang, Spanish Mustang, meste’os and BLM horse, which refers to the U.S. Bureau of Land Management that oversees their protection and adoption.

In 1492, Columbus discovered there were no horses in the New World, so today’s Mustang horses descended from the domesticated warmbloods brought to the New World by Spanish explorers, and by Columbus himself on his 2nd voyage. Some of these horses ran off; or swam to shore from wrecked ships; or were left behind as the Spanish came and went over the years. When European settlers came farther west they brought their horses with them, including draft horses. French horses were introduced to the gene pool from French settlers in the region around New Orleans. German horses may also be among the genes of the Mustang. During the late 1800's and early 1900's, the U.S. Government purchased 150 old-style East Friesian Warmblood stallions from Germany each year, over a 10 period, to pull artillery or heavy wagons for the U.S. Cavalry. A few of those may also have escaped to join the wild herds where survival of the fittest and natural selection over 4 centuries has built the breed.

Some horses were lost to Indian raids. Others were freed by feral stallions tearing down fences to steal the tame mares away to their own harems. Tame horses escaped from the owners, or were left behind as owners died on the trail, or in battle, just as the original horses in North America had escaped from the Spanish. It is possible that some horses The Indians often bartered horses between tribes as well as captured horses from other tribes, making the distribution of the various bloodlines more diverse.

While their Spanish genes have been diluted, many of the Mustangs have Spanish and Andalusian characteristics. For decades, people believed that there were no pure Spanish-type horses remaining in the wild on the ranges. But a few small isolated herds were found by the BLM in 1977, and blood and DNA tests show them to be strongly related to the Spanish horses of the 16th century. The BLM has separated these "Spanish Mustang" herds out to preserve their purity. Among these are the Kiger and Cerat Mustangs. Kiger mustangs carry the breed color traits, which include dun and gruel, among others, along with markings such as a dorsal stripe, zebra stripes or a facial mask. Horses of draft conformation are also kept on separate ranges by the BLM.

In other words, the Spanish mustang is a descendant of the horses brought to the Americas by the early Spaniards; while the American mustang is the descendant of escaped light riding horses and draft horses, mixed with the Spanish-bred and others. In general, American mustangs are thought to have little-to-no remaining Spanish blood.

From an estimated 2.3 million horse at the turn of the century, the population of Mustangs has dropped rapidly. As settlers started ranches in the arid west, they started to kill the wild horses because they were competing with cattle for grazing land. Horror tales about the cruelty of their removal abounds. From missionaries' journals in 1807 is a report of two herds of 7,000 mustangs each that were driven into the ocean at Mission Santa Barbara to drown. And at the San Diego Mission, Mustangs by the hundreds were shut in corals to starve. Another tells of horses being shot from moving trains for sport, and left to die.

By 1926 there were only about 1 million Mustangs remaining, and by the 1950's their numbers were reduced to an estimated 25,000. The population continued to decrease until 1971 when the Wild Free-Roaming Horse and Burro act was passed to protect these animals. Unfortunately, this caused the population to rise to dangerous levels; livestock could not get enough to eat again, and the horses were a nuisance - again. The BLM's Adopt-A-Horse program began 1973 as a humane way to distribute these excess animals to concerned citizens.

Currently, less than 33,000 Mustangs remain, with many herds already below the minimum population levels necessary to sustain healthy populations and preservation of the species, according Dr. Gus Cothran, the equine geneticist at the University of Kentucky. The minimum number of horses in each herd management area (HMA) needs to be at least 150 animals, says Cothran. But under BLM plans, about 70 percent of the HMAs will have fewer than 100 animals.

Mustangs come in all sizes and body types, and also in the full range of colors. Their average size is 14.2 hands but it is not uncommon to see one as short as 13 hands or as tall as 16 hands. They are very hardy, healthy horses, rarely suffering from any kinds of leg or hoof injuries; or ailments that so often affect other domestic breeds, and they tend to live a bit longer than the domestics, too. Their lifespan is 25 to 30 years.

Mustangs that have been removed from the wild require experienced handlers, but they usually become as tractable as any horse that was raised from birth on a farm. But properly gentled Mustang can be a willing partner and a great family horse. If an American Mustang bonds with its owner, it will bond quite strongly, as that is a survival trait in the wild -- to bond with the herd. They are very intelligent and will do as they please, but if treated well they will quite often comply. Mustangs can be trained, if they want to be trained, and they learn quickly. With patience, they can be trained by experienced handlers to excel in many disciplines including English, Western Pleasure, Dressage, Driving, and rodeo, among others. It is not unusual for Mustangs to win in equine shows and competitions, and, in fact, many have.


About Crystal Eikanger

Crystal Eikanger is a freelance writer, web designer, video editor and voice talent working as Ei-Kan Productions on www.rentacoder.com as well as other freelance sites. www.HorseClicks.com is a popular website filled with classifieds of horses for sale, horse trailers, tack, and horse related properties.

The State Horse of Alabama is the Racking Horse

The Racking Horse was proclaimed to be Alabama's State horse in 1975 and is a naturally gaited horse known for its beauty, stamina, and calm disposition that originated on the great southern plantations before the Civil War. Plantation owners cherished the breed for its smooth, easy, natural-born gait. It was a horse that could be ridden comfortably for hours, allowing the great distances between and on the great plantations to be covered painlessly. The name "Racking" comes from the term "rack" which was the rural country word for the single-foot gait.

The Racking Horse has its origins rooted deeply from within the ranks of the Tennessee Walking Horse, and this explains much about the breed. Some people have debated whether or not the Racking Horse is a stand-alone breed, but the designation of "breed" was given to the Racking Horse by the USDA in 1978. So what is the difference between a walking horse and a racking horse? Well, the major difference is the gait. Racking Horses only allow one foot to strike the ground at a time. The Tennessee Walking Horse, on the other hand, generally performs three distinct gaits – the flat-foot walk, the running walk, or the canter. They can also rack, but this is not a desirable gait. So, simply put, the Racking Horse breed began from Tennessee Walking Horses that rack naturally.

The movement to form the breed known as the Racking Horse was started when a group of Alabama horsemen, who were involved with the Tennessee Walking Horse, split off from the parent club. The primary reasons were economical and political so a carefully studied program for getting the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) to legally designate the Racking Horse as a distinct breed began in the late 1960's.

When the USDA Horse Protection Act went into effect in 1971, which targets the practice of soring within the Tennessee Walking Horse industry, many people in the Tennessee Walking Horse breed opted to get away from the problems that were plaguing the Tennessee Walker breed. On May 23, 1971, the USDA recognized the Racking Horse Breeders' Association of America, thereby allowing a registry to be established to perpetuate the Racking Horse breed. Prior to the formation of the RHBAA, the Racking Horse had been the only horse in the show rings of the nation that was not protected by a registry or a uniform set of rules, even though the Racking Horse breeders could have formed an association at any time prior to 1971 for the purpose of registering horses and creating that set of rules, just like all other U.S. horse breeding associations before them.

The primary function of the Racking Horse Breeders' Association was to establish a registry to protect, preserve, and perpetuate the breed in a natural state with little or no artificial devices to enhance its natural-born gait and to ensure that the horse's tail is naturally raised without nicking. But some show classes, such as open shod divisions, still allow special shoes that enhance action and a new class allows the use of chains, 6 ounces and under as action devices. Horses entered in these classes wear either flat pads or wedge pads made of leather, plastic or other pliant material on their front feet. Weighted shoes are also allowed, the purpose of which is to provide an artificial extension to the hoof and to encourage the horse to lift its feet higher in the show ring. The RHBAA has laid out strict edicts covering the size and thickness of the pads and also addresses the issue of soring, stating "Abusive treatment and/or training techniques designed to produce an alteration of the gaits shall not be condoned." Racking Horses are also subject to the DQP (Designated Qualified Person) inspections as outlined in the Horse Protection Act, as are Tennessee Walking Horses and Saddlebreds.

One banned practice is the application of caustic chemicals just above the hoof, in a process known as "soring," which gets its name from the fact that a horse alters its gait due to discomfort or sore feet. Soring, however is also seen within the Racking horse world even though it is illegal under the Horse Protection Act, and is a federal offense within the United States.

The Racking Horse is attractive and gracefully built with a long sloping neck, full flanks, well boned, smooth legs, and finely textured hair. The breed is considered to be a light horse, averages 15.2 hands high and weighs 1,000 pounds. It comes in many colors such as black, bay, sorrel, chestnut, brown, gray, yellow, cremello, buckskin, dun, palomino, roan, champagne, and even spotted. Spotted Racking Horses are often dual-registered with the National Spotted Saddle Horse Association NSSHA as well as with the RHBAA. Some Racking Horse events are now offering classes specifically for spotted horses, although the coloration is also permitted in regular classes and is commonly seen.

The gaits performed by the Racking Horse are the same on the trail ride and in the show ring. The breed is shown under saddle, in hand or in harness, either flat shod or with pads. The rack is a fast, evenly timed, bi-lateral four-beat gait in which each foot strikes the ground separately at equal intervals which is neither a pace nor a trot. It is often called single foot because only one foot strikes the ground at a time. There is no head nod, but the shoulders and hindquarters are very active. The horse appears to jump from one foot to the other and there is some overstride in the gait, but not as much as in the running walk. It is similar to the running walk of the Tennessee Walking Horse, but with more collection in the Racking Horse's movement. The ride is so smooth that the rider appears to remain motionless as the horse racks. It is not the same as the show gait of other breeds in which the "rack" is an artificially achieved gait resulting from special training, though soring does illegally occur within the Racking Horse breed.

Eligibility for registration is determined upon the performance of the gaits natural to the breed, and in the beginning horses of all ages could be registered by gait performances. Horses are registered by inspection by a qualified licensed RHBAA commissioner to determine if the horse is capable of performing the rack, but all horses born in 1994 and after must be blood-typed to be registered.

The Racking Horse has an unusual friendliness and affectionate nature toward humans. It is intelligent with a willingness to learn, an eagerness to work and an ability to perform in more than one function. Beginning riders cherish the smooth gait and the calm temperament while veteran horsemen admire its beauty and versatility from the work field to the show ring.

There are 80,000 Racking Horses registered by the RHBAA throughout the United States and several foreign countries, but Tennessee and Alabama have the largest number of Racking Horses in the United States. At this rate, it won't be long before the Racking Horse is a common sight in show rings throughout the equine world.


About Crystal Eikanger

Crystal Eikanger is a freelance writer, web designer, video editor and voice talent working as Ei-Kan Productions on www.rentacoder.com as well as other freelance sites. www.HorseClicks.com is a popular website filled with classifieds of horses for sale, horse trailers, tack, and horse related properties.